1. Public Awareness of Hanfu and Brand Recognition According to a research report by Jingzhi, public understanding of Hanfu varies significantly. Specifically, 45.9% of respondents reported a "good understanding" of Hanfu and could identify its basic styles; 43.1% had a "general familiarity"; while only 11.0% claimed limited or no knowledge. Geographically, residents of first-tier cities (e.g., Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen), new first-tier cities, and second-tier cities demonstrated higher awareness, attributable to these regions’ strong cultural environments, rapid information dissemination, economic development, and greater demand for cultural consumption. Regarding brand recognition, despite rapid market growth in recent years, overall brand awareness remains relatively low. Apart from leading brands like Han Shang Hua Lian, Chong Hui Han Tang, and Shi San Yu, most Hanfu brands still struggle with visibility. This is largely due to the industry’s early-stage development, fragmented market structure, and the absence of dominant brands with broad influence. Additionally, limited marketing efforts—primarily relying on social media and word-of-mouth—restrict brand exposure. 2. Channels of Exposure and Hanfu Usage Scenarios Key channels for learning about Hanfu include historical dramas (59.3%), social media (54.7%), Hanfu cultural clubs (49.1%), historical literature (40.7%), and museum exhibitions (38.8%). Historical dramas visually showcase Hanfu’s elegance through intricate…

The horse-face skirt (mamianqun) is more than a garment—it’s a feat of engineering that has captivated scholars and designers for centuries. Its enduring appeal lies in a harmonious blend of form and function, anchored by two defining elements: the ingenious four-panel system and an evolving language of pleats. This article explores how these structural innovations shaped the skirt’s identity across dynasties, transforming practicality into artistry. The Four-Panel System At the heart of the horse-face skirt lies its signature four-panel design (si qunmen), a revolutionary concept perfected during the Ming Dynasty. The structure consists of two wider outer panels positioned at the front and back, complemented by narrower inner panels along the sides. When fastened, the outer layers elegantly overlap the inner ones, revealing only two decorative “horse face” sections inspired by the defensive bastions of ancient city walls. This modular system served both aesthetic and practical purposes. The overlapping panels ensured modesty during movement—a critical consideration in Confucian-influenced societies—while allowing wearers to adjust the skirt’s volume for different occasions. Historical records from Jiangnan workshops reveal that affluent Ming households often commissioned interchangeable outer panels, enabling a single skirt to transition seamlessly from daily chores to ceremonial events through strategic fabric substitutions. The Evolution of…

Tianjin, a vibrant city in northern China, boasts a rich culinary heritage with unique flavors and cooking techniques. Here's a curated list of the top 10 must-try dishes that define Tianjin's gastronomy, voted by locals and food enthusiasts alike. 1. **Bazhen Doufu (Eight-Treasure Tofu)** A signature Tianjin dish, Bazhen Doufu features crispy fried tofu cubes simmered with eight luxurious ingredients like abalone, sea cucumber, and scallops. The tofu's golden crust contrasts beautifully with its tender interior, absorbing the rich flavors of the seafood medley. Variations exist based on seasonal availability, making each version a delightful surprise. 2. **Chao Qing Xiaren (Stir-Fried River Shrimp)** This award-winning dish showcases Tianjin's freshwater shrimp at their peak in autumn. Uniformly sized shrimp are wok-tossed with crisp cucumber slices, achieving a natural golden hue. The result? A delicate balance of textures—slightly crunchy outside, succulent inside—with a subtle sweetness that highlights the shrimp's freshness. 3. **Jian Peng Daxia (Pan-Seared Prawns)** Tianjin's coastal influence shines in this ruby-red delicacy. Jumbo prawns are pan-seared to perfection, locking in oceanic flavors while developing a caramelized crust. The magic lies in the aromatic base of ginger, garlic, and scallions—a hallmark of Tianjin's expertise with seafood. 4. **Pa Quansu (Braised Assorted…

Chongqing, a city renowned for its bold and spicy flavors, boasts a rich culinary heritage. Here's a curated list of the top 10 must-try dishes that define the essence of Chongqing cuisine, based on popular votes and expert recommendations. 1. **Shuizhuyu (水煮鱼) - Boiled Fish in Chili Oil** A quintessential Sichuan dish, Shuizhuyu features tender fish slices simmered in a fiery broth of chili oil and Sichuan peppercorns. The dish is known for its numbing spiciness and aromatic flavors, making it a favorite among spice lovers. 2. **Pijiuya (啤酒鸭) - Beer Duck** This dish combines succulent duck meat with the rich flavors of beer, creating a hearty and aromatic stew. The duck is braised until tender, absorbing the malty sweetness of the beer, resulting in a dish that is both flavorful and comforting. 3. **Qianjiangjiza (黔江鸡杂) - Qianjiang Chicken Giblets** A spicy stir-fry of chicken giblets (heart, liver, gizzard, and intestines) with pickled peppers and vegetables. The dish is celebrated for its bold flavors and crunchy texture, offering a unique taste of Chongqing's rustic cuisine. 4. **Chongqing Kaoyu (重庆烤鱼) - Chongqing Grilled Fish** A fusion of grilling and braising, this dish features fish grilled to perfection and then simmered in…

Jilin Province, located in northeastern China, boasts a rich culinary heritage with a variety of unique and flavorful dishes. Here is a list of the top 10 famous dishes in Jilin, each with its own distinct taste and cultural significance. 1. Xueyi Dousha (Snowy Red Bean Paste) Category: Jilin Cuisine Xueyi Dousha is a traditional Manchu dessert made primarily from red bean paste and egg whites. The dish is known for its fluffy texture and sweet taste, often dusted with sugar before serving. It is a popular choice among locals and visitors alike. 2. Shaguo Lubao (Deer Treasure Casserole) Category: Gourmet Food This dish features deer tendons, deer tails, and other deer parts, cooked in a casserole with a rich broth. It is a nutritious and flavorful dish, often enjoyed during the colder months. 3. Qingzheng Baiyu (Steamed White Fish) Category: Northeastern Cuisine Originating from the Songhua River, this dish is made with fresh white fish, steamed to perfection with a light broth. It is known for its tender meat and delicate flavor. 4. Renshen Ji (Ginseng Chicken) Category: Gourmet Food A signature dish of Jilin, Renshen Ji combines tender chicken with ginseng, a prized local ingredient. The dish is…

Inner Mongolia boasts a rich culinary heritage, deeply rooted in its nomadic traditions and unique geographical landscape. Here's a curated list of the top 10 must-try dishes that define the region's gastronomic identity, each offering a distinct taste of Mongolian culture and hospitality. 1. **Qingtang Niuwei (Clear Soup Oxtail)** A traditional homestyle dish, Qingtang Niuwei features tender oxtail simmered in a clear, flavorful broth with radish and bamboo shoots. Legend traces its creation to a master chef during the pre-liberation era. The slow-cooked oxtail becomes exceptionally tender, absorbing the essence of chicken stock, ginger, and scallions, resulting in a nutritious and aromatic soup. 2. **Neimeng Kao Quanyang (Inner Mongolian Roast Whole Lamb)** The crown jewel of Mongolian cuisine, this ceremonial dish symbolizes hospitality. A 40 - jin pasture - fed lamb is marinated with scallions, ginger, and spices before being roasted whole until golden. The crispy skin encases succulent meat, offering a perfect balance of textures – a true feast for royalty and special occasions. 3. **Quan Yang Tang (Whole Lamb Soup)** This hearty soup utilizes nearly every part of the lamb (excluding wool). Thinly sliced organs and meat cook briefly in boiling broth, finished with pepper and cilantro. Served…

Hebei Province boasts a rich culinary heritage with a variety of iconic dishes. Here is a curated list of the top 10 famous dishes from Hebei, based on popular votes and historical significance. 1. Jingdong Braised Pork Knuckle (京东煨肘子) A signature dish from Tangshan, Hebei, this braised pork knuckle is cooked with a rich broth, red dates, goji berries, and a blend of seasonings. The result is tender, flavorful meat that melts in your mouth. It's known for its health benefits, particularly for bone strength. 2. Cangzhou Lion's Head (沧州狮子头) Named after the "Lion City" of Cangzhou, this dish features large meatballs made with minced pork and lotus root, deep-fried to a crispy exterior while remaining juicy inside. It can be served braised or steamed. 3. Stir-Fried Pork Kidney (溜腰花) A Cantonese-inspired dish popular in Hebei, this stir-fried pork kidney is crispy and aromatic, cooked with bell peppers and a savory sauce. It’s a favorite for its rich flavor and nutritional value. 4. Chicken with Shrimp (鸡里蹦) A historic dish dating back to the Qing Dynasty, this combines tender chicken and fresh shrimp stir-fried with sweet bean sauce. Its unique name comes from the lively movement of shrimp during cooking.…

Shandong cuisine, also known as Lu cuisine, is one of the eight major culinary traditions in China. Renowned for its rich flavors, fresh ingredients, and meticulous preparation, Shandong dishes have gained popularity both domestically and internationally. Below is a curated list of the top 10 most famous Shandong dishes, each with its unique history, preparation methods, and cultural significance. 1. Congshao Haishen (Braised Sea Cucumber with Scallions) Originating from the Jiaodong Peninsula, this dish is a hallmark of Shandong cuisine. The sea cucumber, often sourced from high-quality varieties like Liao Shen or Heiyu Shen, is braised with scallions to neutralize any fishy odors. The result is a harmonious blend of rich flavors and textures, making it a favorite at banquets and family gatherings. 2. Baochao Yaohua (Stir-Fried Pork Kidney) A classic Lu dish, Stir-Fried Pork Kidney is celebrated for its tender texture and robust flavor. The kidneys are sliced thinly and stir-fried with scallions, soy sauce, and a mix of seasonings. The dish is known for its balance of sweetness, sourness, and spiciness, appealing to a wide range of palates. 3. Tangcu Liyu (Sweet and Sour Carp) A staple at celebratory events like weddings, Sweet and Sour Carp is a…

Yunnan, a province in southwestern China, is renowned for its diverse and flavorful cuisine. Here is a list of the top 10 famous dishes in Yunnan, each with its unique taste and cultural significance. 1. Dali Clay Pot Fish (Dali Shaguo Yu) Category: Yunnan - Guizhou Cuisine Origin: Dali Description: Dali Clay Pot Fish is a local delicacy made with fresh fish from Erhai Lake, cooked in a clay pot from Xiangyun. The dish is rich in flavor, with tender fish meat and a fragrant broth. It is often served on a large plate with leafy greens, creating a colorful and aromatic presentation. 2. Old Kunming Lamb Hotpot (Lao Kunming Yangtang Guo) Category: Yunnan Cuisine Description: This classic Yunnan dish features lamb meat and offal, slow - cooked to perfection. The broth is rich and flavorful, with a spicy and aromatic dipping sauce. The dish is a favorite among locals for its hearty and comforting taste. 3. Dali Raw Pork (Dali Shengpi) Category: Meat Dish Origin: Yunnan Description: Dali Raw Pork is a traditional Bai ethnic dish, made with thinly sliced pork and a variety of dipping sauces. The pork is fresh and tender, with no special smell, and is…

Tibetan cuisine is renowned for its unique flavors and rich cultural heritage. Here’s a curated list of the top 10 must-try dishes from Tibet, each offering a glimpse into the region’s culinary traditions. 1. **Tun Guanchang (Boiled Sausage)** A staple in Tibetan households, this dish features sheep intestines stuffed with a mix of blood, meat, and barley or bean flour. It’s traditionally prepared during festivals and loved for its distinctive texture and flavor. 2. **Zheng Niushe (Steamed Beef Tongue)** A tender and aromatic delicacy, steamed beef tongue is lightly seasoned to highlight its natural taste. Often served cold or hot, it’s a favorite for its simplicity and rich flavor. 3. **Zha Guanfei (Fried Lung Sausage)** A crispy and savory snack made from sheep lungs, butter, and flour. Its origins trace back centuries, and it remains a popular street food in Lhasa. 4. **Suancai Miankuai (Sour Vegetable Noodles)** A comforting dinner dish combining homemade sour vegetables, hand-pulled noodles, and local dried meat or yak beef. The tangy, spicy broth is both hearty and refreshing. 5. **Gangba Kao Quanyang (Gangba Roast Whole Lamb)** A celebratory dish, this roast lamb is marinated with local spices and slow-cooked to perfection. The meat is juicy…

Hubei boasts a rich Buddhist cultural heritage, home to numerous magnificent temples that embody the region's spiritual and historical essence. These sacred sites attract countless visitors each year, drawn by their architectural grandeur and profound cultural significance. Here's a curated list of Hubei's top 10 most renowned temples, offering a glimpse into their unique charm and historical importance. 1. Guiyuan Temple (归元寺) Established during the Qing Dynasty, Guiyuan Temple stands as one of Wuhan's most iconic ancient temples. Known for its bustling incense offerings, especially during Chinese New Year, the temple features three distinct courtyards—North, Central, and South. As part of the Caodong (曹洞宗) sect of Zen Buddhism, its expansive grounds and serene landscapes make it a spiritual haven. 2. Gude Temple (古德寺) Built in 1877 (Qing Dynasty), Gude Temple is celebrated as a "marvel of Han - style Buddhist architecture." Its eclectic blend of classical styles and exquisite decorations creates a visually stunning and functionally sophisticated space. One of only two surviving temples of its kind globally, it remains a pilgrimage hotspot. 3. Yuquan Temple (玉泉寺) Dating back to the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yuquan Temple is the founding site of the Tiantai (天台宗) sect. Unique for its east -…

In Chinese historical dramas, celestial beings and noblewomen are often depicted wearing exquisite arm accessories. These ornaments, known as 'Bi Huan' (臂环) or 'Bi Chuan' (臂钏), are not exclusive to deities but were also popular among the aristocracy, especially during the Tang Dynasty. The 'Bi Huan' is a type of bracelet worn on the upper arm, crafted from materials like gold, silver, jade, and glass. One notable example is the Tang Dynasty gold - inlaid jade arm ring unearthed from the Hejia Village Hoard, now displayed at the Shaanxi History Museum. This artifact consists of three curved white jade segments connected by gold animal - head hinges, showcasing exceptional craftsmanship. Historically, 'Bi Chuan' dates back to the Warring States period and became a symbol of wealth and status during the Tang and Song Dynasties. It was even included as part of the 'Three Golds' in betrothal gifts. In Buddhist art, similar arm rings are seen adorning Bodhisattva statues, highlighting their spiritual significance. Contrary to the misconception that these arm rings were difficult to wear, ancient designs often featured adjustable openings, making them practical for daily use. They could be worn singly or in pairs, with multi - loop versions called…

The recent discussion on 'appearance anxiety' reminds me of the Tang Dynasty, a period that might offer some inspiration for those struggling with such concerns today. The Tang Dynasty was renowned for its inclusivity and openness, setting what could be considered the 'international beauty standard' of its time. Contrary to the common misconception that Tang women were simply 'plump,' their beauty was more about robust health and fullness. From the slender figures of the early Tang to the more voluptuous forms of its peak, ancient artworks depict a diverse range of body types, showcasing a true celebration of variety. Historical records, like the 'New Book of Tang: Biographies of Imperial Princesses,' describe figures such as Princess Taiping and Empress Wu Zetian with 'broad foreheads and wide cheeks'—features that starkly contrast with today's mainstream beauty ideals. Modern preferences lean towards narrow foreheads, low hairlines, large round eyes, and small faces, often labeling broader features as less desirable. Yet, the Tang aesthetic was rooted in health and confidence, where natural, unforced beauty reflected the dynasty's prosperity. Dunhuang murals further illustrate this, portraying female donors with double chins, visible neck lines, rounded faces, and even slight bellies—features that, while differing from Western ideals…

In many Tang and Song dynasty dramas, you'll notice that almost every male character wears the same type of hat—the Futou. Whether they're high - ranking officials, low - level clerks, or military generals, the Futou is a common sight. This raises the question: was this hat really that ubiquitous in ancient China? The Futou, also known as the 'Zheshang Jin' (折上巾), was the most popular headwear for men during the Tang dynasty. It originated from a simple headscarf and evolved into two main styles: the 'soft wrap' and the 'hard wrap.' The soft wrap involved directly tying the cloth around the head, while the hard wrap used a base called 'Jinzi' (巾子) to create a more structured shape. The design of the Jinzi varied slightly over time. Historical records, such as Shen Kuo's 'Dream Pool Essays' from the Song dynasty, describe the Futou's tying method in detail. It involved four straps: two tied at the back, leaving two dangling, and the other two folded and tied at the top, giving it the nickname 'Zheshang Jin'. This style was particularly popular among military personnel, as noted in the 'Tang Huiyao.' Despite its widespread use, the Futou wasn't universal. Emperors wore…

We all know that ancient Chinese used umbrellas on rainy days, but did they also use them for sun protection on sunny days? In historical dramas, oil-paper umbrellas are no longer just for rain but have become props to create an aesthetic atmosphere. They are often seen in scenes where the protagonist walks slowly under a bright sun with an oil-paper umbrella. While beautiful, these umbrellas are made of paper—can they withstand prolonged exposure to sunlight? The answer is simple: ancient Chinese were clever. While oil-paper umbrellas weren’t practical for sunny days, they had other types of umbrellas specifically designed for sun protection. For example, during the Western Zhou Dynasty, umbrellas made of silk (bo) were used, though their primary purpose wasn’t sun protection but to signify noble status. The Northern Qi Dynasty had strict regulations: kings and high-ranking officials used purple umbrellas with pheasant tail decorations, while lower-ranking officials and scholars used blue umbrellas with green linings. The "Yuxie" records that during the Wei Dynasty, people invented oil-paper umbrellas by splitting bamboo and coating paper with oil for daily convenience. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, elaborate canopies (huagai) became popular. The painted bronze chariot unearthed from the Mausoleum…

In ancient China, a unique fashion trend emerged where women adorned their heads with bird - shaped crowns. This practice, which might seem extravagant today, was quite popular among the nobility and performers during various dynasties. The tradition of wearing bird crowns dates back to the Northern Qi Dynasty, as evidenced by murals in the Xu Xianxiu Tomb. By the Tang Dynasty, these crowns became a favorite among female dancers and attendants. Historical records, such as Tang Du You's 'Tongdian' and the 'New Book of Tang,' document performances where dancers wore bird crowns and colorful costumes to celebrate imperial achievements. Initially used by performers, bird crowns gradually gained popularity among the aristocracy. Crafted from gold and silver and embellished with precious stones, these crowns featured various birds like peacocks, phoenixes, parrots, and mynas. The Dunhuang murals frequently depict these ornate crowns, especially on princesses from Khotan and Uyghur, adorned with jade and dressed in luxurious robes. A notable example is a Tang Dynasty pottery figurine from the Jinxiang County Princess Tomb, wearing a peacock crown with vividly painted feathers. The phoenix crown held a special status, combining features of multiple birds, as described in Zhang Hua's 'Avian Classic.' Phoenix motifs…

In the popular drama 'Splendid Peace,' Ren Min's makeup has garnered significant attention, particularly her eyebrows, which dramatically enhance her facial features. In traditional Chinese makeup, the 'Emei' (蛾眉) or 'Moth Eyebrows' have been a long - standing trend. Described in ancient texts like 'Chu Ci' (楚辞) and 'Li Sao' (离骚), these eyebrows are slender, curved, and long, resembling the antennae of a silkworm moth. Historically, silkworm farming was a vital agricultural tradition, and even empresses participated in sericulture rituals, making the moth - inspired makeup unsurprising. Over time, the term 'Emei' evolved from a specific style to a general reference for various eyebrow shapes. For instance, during the Tang and Song dynasties, styles like 'Echi' (蛾翅) or 'Chuizhu Mei' (垂珠眉) emerged. In 'Splendid Peace,' Ren Min sports the 'Yueleng Mei' (月棱眉), also known as 'Qu Yue Mei' (却月眉), which resembles a crescent moon with a sharp upper edge and a softly blended lower edge. Other similar styles include 'Lianjuan Mei' (连娟眉), 'Liu Ye Mei' (柳叶眉), and 'Yuanshan Mei' (远山眉). These curved, elongated eyebrows suit most face shapes but are particularly flattering for round or broad faces, adding a sense of space and layered beauty reminiscent of Chinese ink paintings.…

Have you ever been puzzled by scenes in historical dramas like 'The Willow Boat' where characters debate whether 'Twelve Hairpins' are appropriate for a certain rank? Today, let's delve into the significance of these 'Twelve Hairpins'. A key term here is 'Huashu' (花树), which refers to floral hair ornaments. The practice of using the number of Huashu to denote rank began in the Sui and Tang dynasties, with the quantity corresponding to the wearer's status. Similarly, 'Dianchai' (钿钗), or jeweled hairpins, followed this system but were worn with different ceremonial attire. For example, the Tang Empress wore twelve Huashu (小花如大花之数，并两博鬓), while the Crown Princess wore nine. Noblewomen of various ranks wore between five and nine Huashu, adorned with precious jewels. These ornaments, made of delicate gold and silver petals, were prone to damage, which is why archaeological finds often reveal only fragments. Contrary to expectations, these 'flowers' sometimes included tiny figurines. One might wonder how noblewomen managed the weight and complexity of wearing so many ornaments. The ingenious solution was the 'Bijì' (蔽髻), a crown-like frame that could hold multiple Huashu clusters, simplifying the process of adorning one's hair. To secure the Bijì, two elaborately decorated long hairpins were inserted…

Dior has once again incorporated Chinese velvet flower craftsmanship into its designs, this time on a brimless cap showcased at Paris Fashion Week. This move, while seen as a tribute to Chinese aesthetics, has reignited discussions about cultural appropriation and the importance of preserving traditional Chinese crafts. Velvet flowers, known as Ronghua (绒花) in Chinese, have a rich history dating back centuries. Initially popularized during the Tang and Song dynasties, these intricate silk flowers became a staple in both imperial courts and folk traditions. Their use in festivals, weddings, and daily adornment reflects the Chinese love for floral symbolism and auspicious meanings. Historically, velvet flower production flourished in cities like Nanjing and Yangzhou, where silk waste from brocade manufacturing provided ample material. Artisans developed regional styles: southern Ronghua favored bold colors, while northern versions leaned towards dignified hues like imperial red. Modern challenges face this traditional craft. While appearing in period dramas and international events like the Winter Olympics has revived interest, mass-produced alternatives threaten the survival of authentic handmade Ronghua. Each genuine piece still requires ten meticulous steps over two days of labor-intensive work. The Dior controversy highlights a broader issue: as global brands increasingly adopt Chinese elements, domestic…

Jiangxi is a central hub of Buddhist culture in China, where Buddhism has flourished significantly. Many influential Buddhist sects, such as the Pure Land School dominant in China and those prevalent in Japan and the West, trace their origins to Jiangxi. The region boasts numerous renowned temples. Here, we present a curated list of the top 10 famous temples in Jiangxi, highlighting their historical and cultural significance. 1. **Donglin Temple (Lushan)** - **Established**: Eastern Jin Dynasty Located in the scenic Lushan Mountain area, Donglin Temple is one of China's eight major Buddhist sites. With its grand architecture and serene environment, it houses many precious relics. It is revered by Japan's Pure Land School and is one of Jiangxi's three international Buddhist exchange centers. 2. **Youmin Temple (Nanchang)** - **Established**: Liang Dynasty (Southern Dynasties) A cradle of the Hongzhou Zen School, Youmin Temple has long been a pilgrimage site in East and Southeast Asia. As Nanchang's only fully preserved temple, its unique architecture exudes historical charm. 3. **Baofeng Temple (Jing'an County)** - **Established**: Tang Dynasty (Tianbao Era) With 24 halls and over 800 statues, Baofeng Temple features landmarks like the Nine - Dragon Wall and a liberation pond. Its deep ties…