In the popular drama The Glory of Youth, actor Li Xian's portrayal of Jiang Changyang wielding a round fan has captivated audiences. Contrary to popular belief, round fans, known as Tuanshan or Huanshan, were originally invented and used by men in ancient China. These fans, characterized by their circular or oval shape with a handle, were also referred to as Gongshan due to their prevalence in imperial courts. The Han Dynasty through the Northern Song Dynasty marked the golden age of round fans.
The Multifunctional Use of Round Fans
During the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties, scholars often carried Zhuwei (deer-tail whisks) or feather fans while engaging in philosophical debates. Emperor Jianwen of Liang, Xiao Gang, even designed his own version, setting a trend. By the Sui and Tang Dynasties, round fans had largely replaced other fan types. Initially, these fans were not for cooling but for concealing one's face, a practice known as Bianmian. Historical records, such as The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, depict men using fans to avoid awkward encounters. The Hanshu also mentions bamboo fans used for grilling meat, showcasing their versatility.
In the drama, Jiang Changyang primarily uses two fans: an ivory round fan and a feather fan. The feather fan, inspired by Song Dynasty paintings like Eighteen Scholars, was often associated with strategists like Zhuge Liang. Another type, the Zhangshan, served ceremonial purposes, symbolizing status. For instance, large round fans were used by attendants to shield emperors during processions. In weddings, the Queshan tradition involved brides covering their faces with fans, a custom that peaked during the Tang Dynasty.
While round fans were occasionally used for cooling, their primary roles were aesthetic and symbolic. Small fans in paintings often served as accessories or face coverings. Researchers suggest that woven or bamboo fans, like the traditional Pushan, were more effective for cooling. The saying goes, No summer is too hot for a Pushan; if one isn't enough, use two.
